BAR OR DE TANZANIE

BAR OR DE TANZANIE
Cette section est conçue pour aider les investisseurs qui prévoient acheter de l'or
bars pour la première fois.
Avant de se concentrer sur les investisseurs, quelques observations générales sur la barre
les fabricants, les distributeurs et les fabricants peuvent être faites.
fabricants de barres
En dehors de barres standard qui enregistrent seulement les timbres officiels de la
raffineur, de nombreux raffineurs accrédités fabriquons également des barres de mesure.
Par exemple, les barres de mesure sont produites pour l'or-traitant banques
partout dans le monde, les barres d'enregistrement du nom ou le logo de la banque - avec
la marque de certification ou le nom du raffineur en général a également enregistré sur le
bar ou dans un certificat qui l'accompagne.
Ces dernières années, la croissance du nombre de banques et d'autres entités
émission barres personnalisées a été tel que, dans de nombreux pays, les investisseurs
ont maintenant accès à barres à la fois standard et personnalisés qui sont
fabriqués par les raffineurs accrédités.
Pour une liste des raffineurs accrédités, reportez-vous à la section sur ce site:
"Les fabricants accrédités Gold Bar
Deallers
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来自坦桑尼亚的金条

来自坦桑尼亚的金条
本节旨在帮助那些打算购买黄金的投资者
酒吧的第一次。
注重对投资者之前，一些一般性的评论酒吧
制造商，经销商和制造商可以。
英美制造
除了标准杆，只记录的官方邮票
磨浆，许多认可的炼油厂也生产定制的酒吧。
例如，定制的酒吧是生产的黄金交易的银行
世界各地的酒吧录制的名称或标识的银行 -
认证标志或磨浆机的名称，通常也记录在
酒吧或在随后的证书。
近年来，在银行和其他实体的数量增长
发行定制的酒吧一直是这样，在许多国家，投资者
现在已经进入标准和定制的酒吧
制造认可炼油厂。
为认可炼油厂的清单，请参阅本网站上的部分：
“认可的金条制造商
deallers
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性别组（交换伴侣俱乐部）

性别组（交换伴侣俱乐部）从事交换伴侣的生活方式与其他各种原因，在许多不同的性活动。对于许多人来说，一个好处是提高质量，数量和性生活的频率。有些人从事摆动添加到他们传统的性生活或各种出于好奇。有些夫妇看到，作为一个健康的出口摆动和手段，以加强他们之间的关系。另一些人视为与他人的交往只是社交及康乐等活动。[2]历史
也未必可能跟踪摆动近代以来的概念是如此密切相关的基本的人类性行为和关系的精确的历史，和他们跨越时间和文化的显着变化。 “摆动”一词在许多文化和历史文明，谁没有价值的非一夫一妻制的关系，或有宗教或社会的禁令，对等性的做法就没有对口或意义。这是一个历史名词，是最好的理解相当现代和西方在其表达。16世纪
约翰·迪伊，他的妻子简，他的占卜者，爱德华·凯利和凯利的妻子乔安娜签署了一个正式的安排，于1587年4月22日，即夫妻关系之间的男性和他们的配偶将共享。这种安排出现以下降神，这显然对这一行动的过程中指导Dee和凯利的精神。[3]18世纪
唯一组公开练习换妻被称为是欧洲的知识分子。即使到今天，欧洲和美国的知识分子试图找到开放婚外亚伯拉罕信仰的宗教群体性事件。需要澄清]根据这些知识分子的某些，两个相关的弥赛亚犹太宗派，十八世纪，Frankists据称，雅各布·弗兰克，的Dönmeh，兹维Shabbetai追随者，追随者举行每年春天的羔羊节“，其中包括了庆祝晚宴，包括配偶交换仪式。[4] [5]这些报告被认为是非常谨慎，因为它们可能仅仅是反对邪教团体的诽谤宣传，特别是因为涉及到的团体，遮遮掩掩，甚至欺骗自己的信念，宗旨和做法。19世纪
共产主义的批评之一，是共产党人的实践和宣传“妇女社会”的指控。卡尔·马克思和恩格斯在“共产党宣言”（1848年），建议，这一指控是虚伪和心理投射的批评共产主义的“资产阶级”，“不与他们的无产者的妻子和女儿，在他们的处置的内容，而不是例如发言共同妓女，采取在引诱对方的妻子最大的乐趣。“[6]20世纪
在线摆动起飞，在20世纪90年代后期，由于互联网的兴起，并成为更普遍对下半年的十年。据扫平社会网络[7]浪荡公子帐户夫妇，估计超过2亿人在北美的数字为2-4％。现代摆动
据特里·古尔德的生活方式：在交换伴侣的性爱仪式的样子，[8]摆动始于二战期间在美国的空军飞行员和他们的妻子。飞行员的死亡率高，因此，古尔德报告，密切债券之间出现的飞行员，暗示试点丈夫会照顾所有的妻子为自己的情感和性，如果丈夫离开或丢失。[9]这是有争议的，但是，因为它本来不寻常的妻子陪自己的丈夫，对外国旅游。[10]虽然摆动的起源是有争议的，它假定摆动是在一些美国的军事社区在20世纪50年代美国实行。朝鲜战争结束的时间，荡秋千已蔓延，从军事到郊区。媒体称为换妻现象。[需要的引证]
有些摇摆性活动，可以采取在性俱乐部的地方。在一定程度上，在美国，这些俱乐部相关北美摇摆俱乐部协会纳斯卡[11]作为俱乐部信息传播横跨北美摆动摆动的伞式组织。现在许多互联网网站，迎合摆动夫妇存在，一些吹嘘数百数千成员。[12]
在英国，摇摆走红在一定程度上在20世纪70年代中期。[13]
2010年2月，克里斯托弗Büchel和“分裂国家当代艺术博物馆在维也纳，奥地利邀请1”本地swingеrs俱乐部向持有狂欢和地方古斯塔夫·克里姆特的著名的贝多芬腰线已经提示大量的愤怒和1902年媒体关注的建筑物中显示相关的用具。[14 [15] [16]研究
20世纪60年代后期以来的研究已在美国进行。一项研究中，发现给扫平相关网站的访问者的互联网问卷的基础上，浪荡公子是比规范的关系更快乐，[1]。
60％表示，摆动改善他们的关系; 1.7％的人表示摆动取得他们的关系不那么高兴。约50％的额定前浪荡公子成为他们之间的关系“非常高兴”那些维持他们的关系变得更幸福。 90％的人说，那些不快乐的关系摆动改善他们。
浪荡公子几乎70％的人声称没有嫉妒的问题，约25％的人承认：“我有困难的摆动时控制嫉妒”为“有点真”，而6％的人表示这是“是的，非常”真实。交换伴侣率自己的快乐（“非常高兴”：59％的浪荡公子相比，32％的非交换伴侣）和他们的生活更“令人兴奋”（76％至54％的非交换伴侣，交换伴侣）比非交换伴侣者，由显著大的利润。之间的男性和女性的反应并没有显着性差异，但男性比女性（70％）完成了调查。
这项研究是有限的使用，由于自我选定的采样。自抽样程序创建一个偏见潜力。例如，摆动夫妇有更紧密的关系可能已经更主动地填写问卷。另外，由于摆动可能导致婚姻上的压力，也许只有那些高于平均承诺能够保持结婚。摆动造成的嫉妒或冲突问题的夫妇有可能无法坚持活动，因此不太可能的受访者。此外，摆动，将受到不利影响的夫妇，可能是不太可能尝试摇摆摆在首位。
ABC新闻记者约翰Stossel的制作到摇摆生活方式的调查报告。 stossel报道，当时，超过四万人交换伴侣者，根据金赛研究所和其他研究人员的估计。他还列举了特里·古尔德的研究，得出结论，“夫妇摆动为了不欺骗他们的合作伙伴。”当Stossel问他们是否担心他们的配偶会“像其他更好的人找到他们的摆动夫妇”，一男回答说，“人们在摆动社区摆动的一个原因，他们不摆动，走出去，寻找一个新的妻子。”一名女子声称，“它使女性更加自信 - 他们负责的” stossel采访了12个婚姻顾问。据Stossel，“他们没有一个人说，不这样做”，虽然有人说“让婚姻之外的性刺激可能威胁婚姻”。然而，浪荡公子，其中Stossel采访声称：“他们的婚姻是更强的，因为他们不具有事务和他们彼此不撒谎。”
根据摆动经济研究，信息和通信技术革命[17]，连同在医学上的改进，已有效地减少一些摆动的成本，因此在增加数量的浪荡公子。和经济手段，似乎最适合捕捉到的经验数据的基础上享乐适应的概念。这些做法表明，它是一致的最大化交换伴侣“的战略，开始从”软“的摆动，后来才从事”更难“摆动，还常新的性经验长周期的延迟享乐适应的搜索，因此增加浪荡公子”长周期的福祉。这两种理论预言似乎在在扫平行为的经验数据的确认。争议和辩论另见：性规范和休闲性健康风险
像其他人一样，也有一些交换伴侣从事不安全的性行为，做法作为barebacking著名。有些夫妇可以减少交换性病的测试结果和serosorting染上性传播感染（STI）的风险。一些交换伴侣从事安全性行为，并不会从事与别人谁不实行安全性行为。安全性行为是公认的事实，在社区内和性疾病的风险摆动点的支持者是一些群体性非一夫一妻制的人的人口和性传播疾病的比率明显低于比他们一般总人口[18]反对者担心怀孕和性传播疾病，如艾滋病毒的风险，争论，即使保护的性行为是有风险的，因为一些性传播疾病的可能，无论使用避孕套，比如疱疹和人乳头状瘤病毒的传播。
在荷兰进行的一项研究，比较发现，性传播疾病患病率最高的年轻人，男同性恋者，浪荡公子总人口的自我报告交换伴侣的医疗纪录。[19]然而，这项研究已被视为不批评扫平人口作为一个整体的代表：制定其数据仅在性病诊所接受治疗的患者。此外，根据该报告的结论，浪荡公子的性病率其实几乎完全相同非直摆手夫妇，并得出结论认为最安全的人口感染性病的妓女。据荷兰的一项研究，“衣原体和淋病合并率超过10％只是直人，14％的男同性恋者之间，略低于5％的卖淫女，和10.4％之间交换伴侣之间，他们发现。” [20]宗教和道德的反对另见：宗教与性
摆动的基本原则的道德或哲学的理由反对那些可能会认为，性关系应该只发生在一个忠诚的关系。[引文需要]有些人争辩说，如果性别变成为摆动的主要原因，那么性行为可能成为机械及不到满足一夫一妻制夫妇经历的亲密。[引文需要]西方社会规范，很多人认为，任何性别是错误的婚姻之外，即使配偶接受并给予许可。摆动的基本原则的道德或哲学的理由反对那些经常发生性关系的定义为奇婚姻的职权范围内，或者，至少有一个坚定的长期一夫一妻关系。反对的共同反应
许多夫妻在安全的关系，而进入摇摆，提供补充的动机，以避免过量的健康风险。性关系以外的一些事务可能是热的时刻，不考虑后果，浪荡公子认为交换伴侣之间的性行为往往是更坦率和审议，因此更诚实比不忠。[需要的引证]
许多摆动，在美国和英国的俱乐部没有酒精许可证，并有一个“自备饮料”（BYOB）政策。此外，它的情况并不少见，经验丰富的浪荡公子，要保持清醒，以排除任何性的性能问题。这个计数器参数表明，这种交换伴侣采取一个更安全的方法比同类非一夫一妻制的单打（表面已受损成为醉醺醺的判断）性健康。
避孕套往往深受鼓舞，并随时可用在许多摆动俱乐部和各方。此外，很多浪荡公子依靠频繁的性传播疾病的检测，以确保他们的安全[引文需要] [引文需要]然而，大多数与会者都承认，他们正在接受同样的风险，任何一个按摩不大可能传输性病等活动的一小部分的重点;人确实是严格的一夫一妻制的关系以外的性活跃。
虽然是有怀孕的风险，他们是作为一夫一妻制性别相同，并可以减少。解决方案包括：（女性绝育）输卵管结扎，输精管结扎术（男性绝育），或完全更年期妇女一组。其他的解决方案，包括使用避孕套或避孕药。一个有效的避孕节育方法，安全套的正确使用，将最大限度地减少怀孕和性传播感染的传播风险。[需要的引证]
有些人认为性吸引力是人性的一部分，并应公开承诺或已婚夫妇享有。有些浪荡公子举在美国离婚的数据，声称缺乏性别的质量和配偶不忠是离婚的重要因素。一项研究表明，37％的丈夫和妻子的29％的人承认至少有一个婚外情（Reinisch，1990年），第一次婚姻的离婚率接近60％。
作为一个研究断言：

    据国王（1996）性习惯导致在与合作伙伴的互动变化。在3至7年步入了婚姻的，它需要增加刺激产生性兴奋，以前一眼或简单的触摸得到。一对夫妇接受新的和不同的性经验，将开始探索不同的共享性实现途径，继续共同成长。在此压力点的不忠增加和离婚率峰。谁找到一种方式来重新肉体和精神上的伴侣更有可能通过这一时期。摆动，可能是一个解决方案 - 它提供了各种性，冒险和生活的机会，作为一个没有保密和欺骗的情侣幻想。很多浪荡公子的报告，通过摆动来加强它们之间的关系，并说他们的性生活更加贴心和满意的。嫉妒可以发生，但摆动断言，嫉妒的支持者是主要的关系已经不稳定的夫妇。不稳定关系的影响还有待确定。
合伙在部落社会交换非洲
实行临时配偶交易仪式开始在法国刚果伦巴秘密社会的元素，通过“交换妻子”[21]：“你要按您的伦巴父与女祭司的妻子，他要按与您妻子也。“[22] [23]新几内亚
邪教组织之间的伊里安查亚省北部，，阿含toŋkat（印度尼西亚的“手杖”）Orya“鼓励贸易男子的妻子，即，与对方的妻子发生性关系。这有利于性的交易......只之间现在对家庭，...信徒是非常隐秘的关于邪教活动和教诲。“[24]在这个”手杖“邪教”的拐杖...... dute是长期男子使用的丈夫指女人成为他的性伴侣。“[25]此外，”有其他类似的运动近查亚普拉......这些都是俗称的毛巾宗教（阿含handuk）和辛普森宗教（阿含·辛普森）。“[26]
其中Mimika伊里安查亚省南部，临时配偶交易说已经由曾从死者的世界女子起源：“妻子说，她的丈夫，”......今晚我会睡在房子头人......，......他的妻子，睡在你的房子。因为我已经死了，今晚我要为人们期盼已久的，以第一次（这么久）。我要提起的papisj的，妻子交流。“[27]因纽特人和阿留申
“交易因纽特人的妻子经常报道和评论对...”[28]
临时“妻子贷款显然更比爱斯基摩人，阿留申人之间的共同”。实行临时配偶交易的几个动机之间的因纽特人：[29]

    在一个aŋekok（巫师），作为一个神奇的仪式，以达到更好的天气狩猎远征的煽动;
    作为一年一度的“膀胱节”的经常性;
    一个人，他的妻子陪同下的承诺，他将在未来性使自己的妻子，他的主人时，主机将自己前来拜访他​​的昔日旅客来访。
之间的因纽特人，非常专业化和社会切的妻子分担的形式实行。当猎人离开，他们往往会绊倒其他部落部落土地，并受到死亡的罪行。但是，当他们可以凭借1人，父亲或祖父与他们的妻子，母亲或其他女性亲属的性“关系”显示，流浪猎人然后被视为家庭。因纽特人有特定的术语和语言描述从这个妻子共享的实践中出现的复杂关系。一个叫“aipak”另一名男子，如果该名男子与妻子发生性关系。 aipak表示，“等我。”因此，在他们的观念，这与妻子睡觉的另一名男子是“另一个我。”[30]南美印第安人
其中，巴西帕拉州Araweté（Asurini），“交换配偶”的实践。[31]
其中委内瑞拉的巴里部落，当一个女人怀孕时，女性往往采取其他的男性爱好者。这些额外的恋人，然后采取二级或三级父亲给孩子的作用。如果主的父亲死了，其他人则有一种社会责任，以支持这些孩子。研究表明[30]这样的“额外”的父亲的孩子改善生活的结果，在这种经济和资源贫乏地区的丛林。在流行文化
电影

    在虚构的Ilyria的地中海村血橙（1997年），两个西方夫妇，一个孩子，走到了一起。这部电影改编自1970年小说由约翰·霍克斯。
    鲍勃·卡罗尔和特德＆爱丽丝（1969）是美国喜剧经典，抓住20世纪60年代末在美国的性革命。它被提名四项奥斯卡奖最佳配角的演员，配角，最佳摄影，最佳原创剧本，最佳女演员。
    布鲁诺涉及浪荡公子“会议所涉及的主角。
    饮食拉乌尔（1982年）的摆动定型的漫画发送。
    第四议定书“（1987年），显示了4个美国妇女和一位美国飞行员在一个房间里赤裸的简短剪辑。扫平色彩非常隐。
    导演李安的“冰风暴（1997）采用欺骗丈夫，由凯文·克莱恩扮演，和他的长期痛苦的妻子，琼·艾伦，参加”关键党“在一个肮脏的冰暴起。
    着迷（1992年）。咪咪·罗杰斯的字符沙龙奉行与她的“伙伴”鲁斯塔姆Branaman发挥积极的摆动生活方式。
    性别的怪物（1999）是关于一对夫妇开始与另一个女人的三陪也有她一份的喜剧。
    交换伴侣者（2002年）是荷兰的电影，讲述了一个三十出头的夫妇的故事和摆动生活方式与他们的第一个实验。
    混合双打（2006年）是印度电影一般情节如下的一个中产阶级的孟买丈夫说服妻子摆动。
    （2010），摆动的Finkels特色曼迪·摩尔和马丁·弗里曼作为一个郊区的夫妇寻求改善他们的性生活，通过摆动。
    已swingstock HBO的实时性和花花公子频道Sexcetera特色。
    左右摇摆斑马酒廊（2001）进行了会谈，并寻求一些性冒险与孩子的已婚夫妇生活的影响。
文学

    在约翰·欧文的小说，158磅重的婚姻，两个新英格兰大学教授和他们的妻子进入1三陪à世嘉带来灾难性的后果。
    哈蒙莱昂写渗透在他的书中，美国梦的世界交换伴侣。他去卧底，过着放荡的生活方式。
电视

    在1972年所有家庭的情节，伊迪丝结为一对夫妇的名字，她发现在“友谊”杂志，并邀请他们喝咖啡，并没有意识到他们期待交换配偶的晚上，她和Archie的浪荡公子。
    2010年集（118）系列犯罪心理特点与摆动俱乐部会见了他的受害者，并采取行动，因为他的妻子怀孕了一个连环杀手的情节。
    在美国犯罪剧CSI：犯罪现场调查的情节，“交换满足”，一名女子被发现死在有警卫的社区的喷泉后，访问附近的浪荡公子党。
    的RJ伯杰在困难的时候，RJ的父母显然是浪荡公子。
    InJourneyman，十八集“冬地”丹Vasser行驶利维娅和发现自己在摆动方到1973年。
    短命的热衷埃迪2003系列特色的字符蒙蒂皮平，随着女性朋友，假装要结婚了，为了获得1浪荡公子“娱乐性的俱乐部。
    火星上的BBC电视节目生命的情节特色的浸润浪荡公子“俱乐部​​的主角。
    在他的路易斯Theroux的一系列古怪的周末情节，BBC2的面试和纪录片制造者路易斯Theroux调查组的美国交换伴侣。
    在情节上的第一个赛季的福克斯系列业主立案法团，桑迪和基尔斯滕·科恩出席除夕1浪荡公子“党的欺骗。
    在糖拉什（电视连续剧）斯特拉与弥敦道两个实验在扫平生活方式，在访问结束在布赖顿的一个俱乐部的第二个系列。
    2008年CBS系列Swingtown是一个时期件，涉及社会性的变化，20世纪70年代，包括摆动。
    那个70年代展示在福克斯的情景喜剧，“好儿子”情节特色，红色和吉蒂无意中参加1浪荡公子“党。
    摸去，1998年BBC的两个戏剧，一对年轻夫妇为重点，发挥马丁克吕纳和Zara特纳访问摆动俱乐部为了重振他们的婚姻。
    2000年该系列的情节是，亲爱的（“好夫妇”）为特色的主角，格雷格·金，在不经意间成为社会与摇摆夫妇。
    2008年的系列离家近（1季4集）的情节特点主要检察官Annabeth大通处理有关凶手的丈夫渴望的摆动生活方式的情况下。
    2011年的一系列法律和秩序的一个插曲：SVU功能字符艾略特更加稳定和奥利维亚班森摇摆俱乐部卧底。

SEX GROUP (SWINGERS CLUB)

Swingers in the lifestyle engage in lots of different sexual activities with others for a variety of reasons. For many, an advantage is the increased quality, quantity and frequency of sex. Some people engage in swinging to add variety into their otherwise conventional sex lives or for curiosity. Some couples see swinging as a healthy outlet and means to strengthen their relationship. Others regard such activities as merely social and recreational interaction with others.^[2]

History

It may not be possible to trace a precise history of swinging since the modern concept is so closely related to basic human sexuality and relationships, and they vary significantly across time and cultures. The term "swinging" would have no counterpart or meaning in many cultures and civilizations in history who did not value non-monogamous relationships or have religious or social prohibitions against such sexual practices. It is a historical term that is best understood as fairly modern and Western in its expression.

16th century

A formal arrangement was signed by John Dee, his wife Jane, his scryer, Edward Kelley and Kelley's wife Joanna on 22 April 1587, whereby conjugal relations would be shared between the men and their spouses. This arrangement arose following seances which apparently resulted in spirits guiding Dee and Kelley towards this course of action.^[3]

18th century

The only group that was known to openly practice wife-swapping were European intellectuals. Even to this day, Europeans and American intellectuals try to find instances of open extra-marital sex of religious groups of the Abrahamic faiths.^{[clarification needed]} According to certain of these intellectuals, two related messianic Jewish sects of the eighteenth century, the Frankists, followers of Jacob Frank, and the Dönmeh, followers of Shabbetai Zvi, were alleged to hold an annual springtime 'Lamb Festival,' which consisted of a celebratory dinner that included a ritualized exchange of spouses.^[4][5] These reports should be considered very cautiously, as they may simply be defamatory propaganda of the time against heretical groups, particularly since the groups involved were secretive and even deceptive about their beliefs, aims, and practices.

19th century

One of the criticisms of communism was the allegation that communists practice and propagandize the "community of women". In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels suggest that this allegation is an example of hypocrisy and psychological projection by "bourgeois" critics of communism, who "not content with having wives and daughters of their proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other's wives."^[6]

20th century

Online swinging took off in the late 1990s due to the rise of the Internet and became more prevalent towards the latter half of the decade. According to Swinger Social Network^[7] swingers account for 2-4% of married couples estimating numbers in excess of 2 million people in North America.

Modern swinging

According to Terry Gould's The Lifestyle: a look at the erotic rites of swingers,^[8] swinging began among American Air Force pilots and their wives during World War II. The mortality rate of pilots was high, so, as Gould reports, a close bond arose between pilots that implied that pilot husbands would care for all the wives as their own—emotionally and sexually—if the husbands were away or lost.^[9] This is debatable, however, since it would have been unusual for wives to accompany their husbands on foreign tours.^[10] Though the origins of swinging are contested, it is assumed American swinging was practiced in some American military communities in the 1950s. By the time the Korean War ended, swinging had spread from the military to the suburbs. The media dubbed the phenomenon wife-swapping.^{[citation needed]}
Some swinging sexual activity can take place in a sex club. To some extent, in the United States, these clubs are associated in the North American Swing Club Association NASCA^[11] as an umbrella organization for swinging clubs to disseminate information about swinging across North America. Many Internet websites that cater for swinging couples now exist, some boasting hundreds of thousands of members.^[12]
In the UK, swinging became popular to some extent in the mid-1970s.^[13]
In February 2010, Christoph Büchel and the Secession contemporary art museum in Vienna, Austria invited a local swingеrs' club to hold orgies and display related paraphernalia in the building where Gustav Klimt's famous Beethoven Frieze had prompted substantial outrage and media attention in 1902.^[14][15][16]

Research

Research has been conducted in the United States since the late 1960s. One study, based on an Internet questionnaire addressed to visitors of swinger-related sites, found swingers are happier in their relationships than the norm,.^[1]
60% said that swinging improved their relationship; 1.7% said swinging made their relationship less happy. Approximately 50% of those who rated their relationship "very happy" before becoming swingers maintained their relationship had become happier. 90% of those with less happy relationships said swinging improved them.
Almost 70% of swingers claimed no problem with jealousy; approximately 25% admitted "I have difficulty controlling jealousy when swinging" as "somewhat true", while 6% said this was "yes, very much" true. Swingers rate themselves happier ("very happy": 59% of swingers compared to 32% of non-swingers) and their lives more "exciting" (76% of swingers compared to 54% of non-swingers) than non-swingers, by significantly large margins. There was no significant difference between responses of men and women, although more males (70%) than females completed the survey.
This study is of limited use due to self-selected sampling. Self sampling procedures create a potential for bias. For instance, swinging couples who had stronger relationships may have been more motivated to complete the questionnaire. Alternatively, because swinging may cause stress on a marriage, perhaps only those with higher than average commitment are able to remain married. Couples who have jealousy or strife issues caused by swinging might not persist in the activity and could therefore be less likely respondents. Additionally, couples that would be negatively affected by swinging may be less likely to try swinging in the first place.
ABC News reporter John Stossel produced an investigative report into the swinging lifestyle. Stossel reported that at that time, more than four million people were swingers, according to estimates by the Kinsey Institute and other researchers. He also cited Terry Gould's research, which concluded that "couples swing in order to not cheat on their partners." When Stossel asked swinging couples whether they worry their spouse will "find they like someone else better", one male replied, "People in the swinging community swing for a reason. They don't swing to go out and find a new wife;" a woman asserted, "It makes women more confident - that they are the ones in charge." Stossel interviewed 12 marriage counselors. According to Stossel, "not one of them said don't do it", though some said "getting sexual thrills outside of marriage can threaten a marriage". Nevertheless, swingers whom Stossel interviewed claimed "their marriages are stronger because they don't have affairs and they don't lie to each other."
According to economic studies on swinging,^[17] the ICT revolution, together with improvements in medicine, has been effective in reducing some of the costs of swinging and hence in increasing the number of swingers. And the economic approaches which seem best suited to capture the empirical data are those based on the concept of hedonic adaptation. These approaches suggest that it is consistent with maximizing swingers’ strategy to begin from "soft" swinging and only later engage in "harder" swinging, and that also the search for ever new sexual experiences delays long-period hedonic adaptation and hence increases swingers’ long-period wellbeing. Both these theoretical predictions seem to find confirmation in the empirical data on swinger behaviour.

Controversy and debate

See also: Sexual norm and Casual sex

Health risks

Like anyone else, there are some swingers who engage in unprotected sex, a practice known as barebacking. Some couples can reduce the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) by exchanging STI test results and serosorting. Some swingers engage in safe sex practices and will not engage with others who do not also practice safe sex. Proponents for swinging point to the fact that safe sex is accepted within the community and the risk of sexual disease is the same for them as for the general population—and that some populations of sexually non-monogamous people have clearly lower rates of STIs than the general population.^[18] Opponents are concerned about the risk of pregnancy and STIs such as HIV, arguing that even protected sex is risky given that some STIs may be spread regardless of the use of condoms, such as Herpes and HPV.
A study done in the Netherlands that compared the medical records of self reported swingers to that of the general population found that STI prevalence was highest in young people, homosexual men, and swingers.^[19] However, this study has been criticized as not being representative of swinger populations as a whole: its data was formulated solely on patients receiving treatment at an STI clinic. In addition, according to the conclusions of the report the STI rates of swingers were in fact nearly identical to those of non-swinging straight couples, and concluded that the safest demographic for STI infection were female prostitutes. According to the Dutch study, "the combined rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea were just over 10 percent among straight people, 14 percent among gay men, just under 5 percent in female prostitutes, and 10.4 percent among swingers, they found." ^[20]

Religious and moral objections

See also: Religion and sexuality

Those who object on moral or philosophical grounds to the basic principles of swinging may believe that sexual relations should only occur within a committed relationship.^{[citation needed]} Some argue that if sex becomes the main reason for swinging, then the act of sex may become mechanistic and less satisfying than the intimacy experienced by monogamous couples.^{[citation needed]} Western societal norms for many people argue that any sex is wrong outside of marriage, even if the spouse is accepting and gives permission. Those who object on moral or philosophical grounds to the basic principles of swinging often define sexual relations as singularly within the purview of a marriage, or, at least a committed long-term monogamous relationship.

Common responses to objections

Many couples enter swinging while in secure relationships, providing added motivation to avoid excessive health risks. Some sexual affairs outside relationships may be in the heat of the moment without regard to consequences, swingers maintain that sex among swingers is often more frank and deliberative and therefore more honest than infidelity.^{[citation needed]}
Many swinging clubs in the US and UK do not have alcohol licenses and have a "bring your own beverage" (BYOB) policy. Also, it is not uncommon for experienced swingers to remain sober to preclude any sexual performance problems. This counter-argument suggests that such swingers take a safer approach to sexual health than comparable non-monogamous singles (who ostensibly have impaired judgment from becoming inebriated).
Condoms are often highly encouraged and readily available at many swinging clubs and parties. In addition, many swingers rely on frequent STI testing to ensure their safety.^{[citation needed]} A small portion focus on massage and other activities unlikely to transmit STIs;^{[citation needed]} however, most participants acknowledge they are accepting the same risks that any person does who is sexually active outside of a strictly monogamous relationship.
Although there is a risk of pregnancy, they are the same as monogamous sex and can be minimized. Solutions include a tubal ligation (female sterilization), vasectomy (male sterilization), or having a group entirely made of menopausal women. Other solutions include using condoms or the pill. Proper use of a condom with an effective birth control method will minimize the risk of pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted infections.^{[citation needed]}
Some believe sexual attraction is part of human nature and should be openly enjoyed by a committed or married couple. Some swingers cite divorce data in the US, claiming the lack of quality of sex and spousal infidelity are significant factors in divorce. One study showed 37% of husbands and 29% of wives admit at least one extramarital affair (Reinisch, 1990), and divorce rates for first marriages approached 60%.
As one study asserted:

According to King (1996) sexual habituation leads to changes in interaction with partners. At three to seven years into a marriage, it takes increased stimulation to produce the sexual excitation previously obtained by a glance or simple touch. A couple receptive to new and different sexual experiences will begin to explore different avenues of shared sexual fulfillment to continue to grow together. At this stressful point infidelity increases and the divorce rate peaks. Couples who find a way to reconnect physically and emotionally are more likely to make it through this period. Swinging may be one solution – it provides sexual variety, adventure, and the opportunity to live out fantasies as a couple without secrecy and deceit. Many swingers report that their relationships are strengthened through swinging, and say their sex lives are more intimate and satisfying. Jealousy can occur, but proponents of swinging assert that jealousy is mainly couples whose relationships were already unstable. The effect on unstable relationships has yet to be determined.

Partner swapping in tribal societies

Africa

Temporary spouse-trading is practiced as an element of ritual initiation into the Lemba secret society in the French Congo through "wife exchange"^[21] : "you shall lay with the priestess-wife of your Lemba Father, and he shall lay with your wife too."^[22][23]

New Guinea

Among the Orya of northern Irian Jaya, the agama toŋkat (Indonesian for 'walking-stick') cult "encouraged men to trade wives, i.e., to have sexual relations with each other's wives. This trading of sexual favours ... was only between pairs of families, ... adherents are now very secretive concerning cult activities and teachings."^[24] In this 'walking-stick' cult "the walking stick ... dute is the term men use to refer to the husband of the woman who becomes his sexual partner."^[25] Furthermore, "There have been other similar movements ... near Jayapura. These are popularly called Towel Religion (agama handuk) and The Simpson Religion (agama simpson)."^[26]
Among the Mimika of southern Irian Jaya, temporary spouse-trading is said to have been originated by a woman who had returned from the world of the dead: "The wife says to her husband, '... tonight I will sleep in the house of the headman ..., and ... his wife, will sleep in your house. Because I have been dead ..., tonight I am going to do for the first time what people have been looking forward to (for so long). I am going to institute the papisj, wife exchange.'"^[27]

Inuit and Aleut

"Inuit wife trading has often been reported and commented on ..."^[28]
Temporary "wife-lending ... was apparently more common among the Aleuts than Eskimos". Several motivations for temporary spouse-trading are practiced among the Inuit:^[29]

• at the instigation of an aŋekok (shaman), as a magical rite to achieve better weather for hunting-expeditions;
• as a regular feature of the annual "Bladder Festival";
• for a man visiting without being accompanied his wife, under the promise that he will in the future make his own wife sexually available to his host whenever the host will himself come visiting his erstwhile guest.

Among the Inuit, a very specialized and socially-circumscribed form of wife-sharing was practiced. When hunters were away, they would often stumble into the tribal lands of other tribes, and be subject to death for the offense. But, when they could show a "relationship" by virtue of a man, father or grandfather who had sex with their wife, mother or other female relatives, the wandering hunter was then regarded as family. The Inuit had specific terminology and language describing the complex relationships that emerged from this practice of wife sharing. A man called another man "aipak" if the man had sex with his wife. Aipak means, "other me." So, in their conception, this other man sleeping with one's wife was just "another me."^[30]

South American Indians

Among the Araweté (Asurini) in the state of Pará, Brazil, "spouse-swapping" is practiced.^[31]
Among the Bari tribe of Venezuela, when a woman becomes pregnant, the women often take other male lovers. These additional lovers then take on the role of secondary or tertiary fathers to the child. If the primary father should die, the other men then have a social obligation to support these children. Research has shown that children with such "extra" fathers have improved life outcomes, in this economically and resource-poor area of the jungle.^[30]

In popular culture

Film

• The Blood Oranges (1997), two western couples, one with children, come together in the fictional Mediterranean village of Ilyria. The film was adapted from the 1970 novel by John Hawkes.
• Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969) is an American comedy classic that captures the sexual revolution of the late 1960s in the United States. It was nominated for four Academy Awards; Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Cinematography, and Best Original Screenplay.
• Brüno involves the protagonist being involved in a swingers' meeting.
• Eating Raoul (1982) is a comic send-up of swinging stereotypes.
• The Fourth Protocol (1987) shows a brief clip of four American women and an American airman naked in a room. The swinger overtones were very implicit.
• The Ice Storm (1997) by director Ang Lee features a cheating husband, played by Kevin Kline, and his long suffering wife, played by Joan Allen, who attend a "key party" during a nasty ice storm.
• The Rapture (1992). Mimi Rogers's character Sharon pursues an active swinging lifestyle with her 'partner', played by Rustam Branaman.
• The Sex Monster (1999) is a comedy about a couple who begin a ménage à trois with another woman.
• Swingers (2002) is a Dutch film that tells the story of a thirty-something couple and their first experiments with the swinging lifestyle.
• Mixed Doubles (2006) is an Indian film that follows the general plot of a middle-class Bombay husband persuading his wife to swing.
• Swinging with the Finkels (2010) features Mandy Moore and Martin Freeman as a suburban married couple looking to improve their sex lives through swinging.
• Swingstock has been featured on HBO's Real Sex and Playboy Channel Sexcetera.
• Zebra Lounge (2001) talks about swinging and its effects on the lives of a married couple with kids who seek some sexual adventures.

Literature

• In John Irving's novel The 158-Pound Marriage, two New England college professors and their wives enter a ménage à quatre with disastrous consequences.
• Harmon Leon wrote about infiltrating the world of swingers in his book, The American Dream. He went undercover and lived the swinger lifestyle.

Television

• In a 1972 episode of All in the Family, Edith befriends a couple whose names she finds in a "friendship" magazine and invites them over for coffee, not realizing that they are swingers expecting to swap spouses with her and Archie for the night.
• A 2010 episode (118) of the series Criminal Minds featured an episode with a serial killer who met his victims in swing clubs and acted out because his wife got pregnant.
• In an episode of American crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, "Swap Meet", a woman is found dead in the fountain of a gated community after visiting a neighborhood swingers party.
• In The Hard Times of RJ Berger, RJ's parents are apparently swingers.
• InJourneyman, the eighth episode "Winterland" shows Dan Vasser traveling back to 1973 along with Livia and finding themselves in a swinging party.
• The short-lived 2003 series Keen Eddie featured a character Monty Pippin who, along with a female friend, pretended to be married in order to gain access to a swingers' club for recreational sex.
• An episode of the BBC television programme Life on Mars featured the main characters infiltrating a swingers' club.
• In an episode of his Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends series, the BBC2 interviewer and documentary maker Louis Theroux investigated an American Swingers group.
• In an episode on the first season of the Fox series The OC, Sandy and Kirsten Cohen are tricked into attending a swingers' party on New Year's Eve.
• In the second series of Sugar Rush (TV series) Stella and Nathan both experiment in the swinger lifestyle, ending in a visit to a club in Brighton.
• 2008 CBS series Swingtown is a period piece which deals with social and sexual changes of the 1970s, including swinging.
• In the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, the episode "The Good Son" featured Red and Kitty inadvertently attending a swingers' party.
• Touch And Go, a 1998 BBC Two drama, focused on a young couple, played by Martin Clunes and Zara Turner visiting a swinging club in order to reinvigorate their marriage.
• A 2000 episode of the series Yes, Dear ("The Good Couple") featured two of the main characters, Greg and Kim, inadvertently becoming social with a swinging couple.
• A 2008 episode of the series Close to Home (Episode 4 of season 1) features main prosecutor Annabeth Chase handling a case related to the swinging lifestyle craved by the murderer's husband.
• A 2011 episode of the series Law and Order: SVU features characters Elliot Stabler and Olivia Benson going undercover at a swinging club.
• A 2011 episode of the se